Bachelor of Nursing Students for Cognitive -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theBachelor of Nursing Studentsfor Cognitive Development. Answer: Introduction The selected case study for this assignment is scenario topic 2: bachelor of nursing students. The paper will explore the importance of aspects of social and cognitive development that occur in children aged between two and five years with a focus on the selected case study. Also, it will discuss the factors that influence this development. The assignment will refer to the Piagets theory of cognitive development and Eriksons theory of social development. The last part will discuss why the developmental stage between the ages of two and five years is relevant to nursing and midwifery practice. Examples of cognitive development Cognitive Development is the normal or systematic development of intellectual and thought processes including reasoning, imagination, problem-solving and perception. This kind of development can be seen by observing how children develop and learn new perceptions and skills. Different cognitive developmental milestones mark the growth of a child. The two examples of cognitive development between two and five years are the ability to learn colours and search for hidden things. Based on Piagets theory of cognitive development, between the age of two and seven years, a child is in a preoperational stage (Asokan, Surendran, Asokan, Nuvvula, 2014). This stage can be subdivided into intuitive development and symbolic function development. During the symbolic development, it is when the child learns colours. The childs ability to understand and remember picture objects increases. Due to symbolic development, a child can remember colours, objects and numbers without seeing them. This aspect of development helps children to produce clear imagery. The other aspect of cognitive development that can be drawn from Piagets theory is intuitive thought development. A child starts to propose the questions how come? and why? Their thinking ability is starting to expand and start viewing the world from different perspectives. The childs thoughts are broader, bigger, dynamic, less rational and less systematic compared to those of the older children (Al-Shidhani Arora, 2012). These developmental milestones occur alongside the ability to speak. According to the case study, Jacks speech has not developed fully and can only speak one-to-two words. Thus, Jack might have problems in counting numbers, which is a key cognitive developmental milestone at this stage. Examples of social development Social development involves intrapersonal and interpersonal processes. This development entails childs experiences, expression and the management of emotions. Social development is a fundamental aspect of childhood since it guides the childs integration into the society. The examples of social development are playing games with other children and toileting independently. Between the age of two and five years children tends to express more independence and excitement when with others. The Eriksons psychosocial development theory notes that children aged between three and six years are in an initiative vs guilt stage (Kail Cavanaugh, 2015). At this developmental stage, the child tends to interact with others at school. A key aspect at this stage is playing because it offers children the opportunity to advance their interpersonal skills by initiating activities. Evidently, the child starts to plan activities and create games with other children. The child also tends to copy the actions of the other children. On the other hand, if the childs sense of control and feelings are suppressed through criticism or discouragement, they might develop a sense of guilt (Sun Shek, 2012). Also, the child may develop guilt if they are unable to control their feelings such as toileting like the other children. A child might feel like a nuisance to others and thus, lack self-initiative. As guilt increases, the child limits their interaction with other children, and their creativity might be inhibited. As explained in the case study, Jack has not yet learnt toileting skills. Hence, he might develop guilt and fail to interact with other children in school. However, some level of guilt is necessary because it enables the child to exercise self-control. Examples of factors which influence cognitive and social development The cognitive development might be influenced by nutrition while the child-rearing environment may influence social development. Cognitive development: nutrition At the age of 3 years, the childs brain develops rapidly through the generation of synaptogenesis, axonal and neurons. There is also synaptic pruning and dendric growth at this age (Ali, 2013). Lack of nutrients or under-nutrition can have persistent impacts on the brains structure as well as socio-emotional development. In case a child experiences under-nutrition, macronutrients and micronutrients, their cognitive development might be affected (Burrows, et al., 2014). Specifically, under-nutrition retards the cognitive growth and increases the risks of disease and infection, which might further increase the probability of malnourishment. Additionally, under-nutrition impacts motor development and compromises educational attainment (Nyaradi, Li, Hickling, Foster, Oddy, 2013). Social development: child-rearing environment The child-rearing environment has a great influence on social development. This factor can be explained through contingency and attachment. Attachment is a biological tendency of young children to seek proximity to their parents at times of stress. Also, the attachment can be viewed as the relation that enables a securely attached child to use their parents to re-introduce a sense of well-being after experiencing stress. If the attachment is insecure, the child might have social development problems. In the early stages of development, a child progresses appropriately when they have an adult caregiver who pays attention to their verbal as well as nonverbal cues and responds accordingly. Contingent responses to gestures develop the groundwork for social development in children (Kliegman, BF, JW, NF, Behrman, 2012). If the rearing environment does not offer such conditions, the child might have social developmental problems. Significance of understanding this life stage to nursing and midwifery practice Normal social and cognitive development shows that the child has good health. Thus, this life stage is relevant to nursing and midwifery practice because it helps to predict the health of the child. Ideally, monitoring and tracking growth disturbances are important to a childs health care (Haymond, Kappelgaard, Czernichow, Biller, Takano, Kiess, 2013). An understating of this stage is important towards addressing developmental issues. Early brain development is important in the later stages of life. Thus, early detection of developmental problems will result in the adoption of appropriate interventions and consequently lead to better developmental outcomes. Further, understanding this life stage to nursing and midwifery practice will guide the creation of growth assessment criteria. In pediatric health surveillance, growth assessment is vital since most problems within social, interpersonal and physiologic domains can negatively impact growth. This aspect is supported by the fact that development is multidetermined and varies as a function of nutrition, biomedical status, social and cultural status (Ali, 2013). It is evident that the social and cognitive development of a child is important aspects of life that should be closely monitored. The focus, in this case, should thus be the presence of growth disorders and growth disturbances (Scherdel, et al., 2013). Conclusion This assignment has highlighted some key examples of social and cognitive development. The examples have been linked to two authoritative theories of growth and development which are Piagets theory and Eriksons theory. Based on the Piagets theory of cognitive development, Jack is in the preoperational stage. He should thus exhibit the ability to learn colours and search for hidden things. The Eriksons theory of social development will categorise Jack under the initiative vs guilt stage. As discussed in this paper, cognitive development and social development is affected by nutrition and rearing environment respectively. Understanding this life stage is important to nursing and midwifery practice because it will result in the adoption of interventions that will lead to better outcomes. References Ali, S. (2013). A brief review of risk-factors for growth and developmental delay among preschool children in developing countries. Advanced biomedical research, , 2 (1), 91. Al-Shidhani, T., Arora, V. (2012). Understanding dyslexia in children through human development theories. Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal , 12 (3), 286-294. Asokan, S., Surendran, S., Asokan, S., Nuvvula, S. (2014). Relevance of Piaget's cognitive principles among 4-7 years old children: A descriptive cross-sectional study. 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